The Tangled Bank An Introduction To Evolution Downloadzip
The challenge of reconciling the science of evolution with empirical evidence for natural selection is well known. This book, entitled The Tangled Bank, is about a recent scientific twist on the problem. Carl Zimmer, who is at the forefront of evolutionary biology, has published an ambitious book about adaptation and emergence, after two books that dealt with the meaning of evolution. He has brought the art of science writing to the task of explaining evolution to a general audience. His book is based on the studies of ecotoxicologists who have realized that the relationships between genes, enzymes and chemical pollutants are not always what the scientists expected. Ecological interactions between pollutant-producing factories and their waste products and the organisms that live near these factories are many and complex. Their interactions have been studied by increasing numbers of researchers in all kinds of fields, from medicine, to cancer research, to biochemistry. They are likely to be additional examples of how evolutionary biology can be extended beyond Darwin’s conclusions about finches and Galapagos islands. They also show how much we still don’t know about the genetics and ecophysiology of animal and plant adaptation in the face of environmental change. In Zimmer’s hands this is presented as an opportunity. The book is written in a very readable way and even young readers will find it easy to read. The biology is introduced, so the general reader will have no problem understanding the science. Zimmer is not interested in reducing evolution to natural selection; he knows all there is to know about natural selection, and was among the first to refute some of Darwin’s early arguments in favor of natural selection. However, he has realized that the four characteristics of adaptation to changing environments are deeply connected with one another. The different types of interactions, whether they are physiologic, microbial or gene-environment interactions, have meaning for all of them, and to understand them the scientist must study a broad range of biological interactions. The Tangled Bank therefore includes examples of how all four different types of interactions lead to adaptation, and the broad range of fields that are involved.
To understand the impact that these chemicals have on natural populations, we must first become familiar with the chemicals and the organisms that are affected by them. Understanding such systems requires an understanding of all aspects of the affected organisms, including their own evolutionary history, as well as the ecology and genetics of the surrounding biota. For example, chemicals that are neurotoxic to humans can have a completely different or even opposite effect on other organisms, such as arthropods, where the effects are neurological in nature. This is similar to how a compound that does harm to a certain species could have a completely different effect when applied to the same species in a different environment. The question then becomes: is the change ecological or genetic?
Dr Daniel J. Harvell, the world leader in the study of ecological and evolutionary effects of toxic chemicals, has published an excellent review of this subject (Harvell 1999 ). It details some of the wide range of effects that these chemicals can have on animals and plants. A classic example is of the adverse effects of lead on birds, which includes a range of physiological changes from avian lead poisoning. Research into such effects of toxic chemicals is beginning to reveal a much larger potential problem than originally suspected.
Transformations that can arise during the invasion of a new ecosystem by organisms adapted to a different physical or climatic environment. Natural selection can cause these new invaders to adapt to their new environment, resulting in a range of novel morphologies and capacities. The components that allow successful colonization are migration, dispersal, establishment, coexistence, evolution and extinction. In addition, resistant invaders may transfer to a new ecosystem with future potential for major invasions.
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